Yes, airport lighting is different colors for different applications...approach lighting systems, runway edge and centerline lights, taxiway lights/edge lights, runway guard lights, etc. Typically they are red, white, blue, and amber. Sometimes certain taxiways will have green lights.
Control towers are also equipped with "light guns" and can provide a visual signal to the pilots that they are cleared to do a specific action (taxi, takeoff, land etc). Those can be red, white, green. In the airline world this would pretty much never be necessary...more applicable to smaller aircraft at smaller airports. But nonetheless, you're required to learn the signals (which also requires a certain level of color vision to be able to see what they are).